Short history of gambling in the United States Essay Example for Free

Short history of gambling in the United States Essay According to the Commission on the Review of National Policy toward Gambling, gambling in the United States grossed over $40 billion dollars in 1995 (Dunstan, 1997). Professor I. Nelson Rose describes three waves of gambling during the history of the colonies and the United States. The first of these waves began during the start of this great nation and lasted until the mid-1800s. The second wave was at the end of our Civil War and lasted until the early 1900s. Finally, the last wave started during the Great Depression and is still going strong today. I believe a fourth wave has already commenced with new technology paving the way. The new technology consists of, first and foremost, the internet and also any Wi-Fi abled device. Those who use the internet have already found out that this technology is hard to regulate and hence the added rush or high the gamblers are able to extract from it. First Wave: From the 1600s to the mid-1800s 1. The Puritans attitude toward gaming and play was adopted. They also outlawed the possession of cards, dice, dancing, and singing. 2. They softened their stance the following year to allow recreation, but not as a trade. 3. In other colonies, where the Puritans did not have control, the English attitude toward gambling prevailed. 4. The English believed gambling to be harmless, and even called it a gentleman’s game. 5. Gambling soon becomes a vice with much risk taking. 6. Lotteries were permitted by the Crown to raise money for the colonial venture, with the proceeds helping to establish the early Universities like Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. 7. The first race track was built on Long Island in 1965. 8. By the early 1800s, big fancy casinos were established in the Republic, and gambling in the lower Mississippi Valley became a legitimate enterprise. 9. During the 1830s, professional gamblers were under scrutiny for preying on the unwitting. Ironically, President Jackson was a gambler at this time. Second Wave: From the mid-1800 to Early 1900s 1. The â€Å"Gold Rush† sets off a gambling boom in California. A canvas tent, at this time, cost $40,000 annually, payable with gold dust in advance. 2. In 1856, gamblers were lynched as a result of political fighting for San Francisco, since they were of the opposing political faction. 3. Despite Prohibition, gambling remained strong by going underground with illegal parlors. 4. By 1910, virtually all forms of gambling were prohibited in the United States. Third Wave: Early 1930s to the Present 1. The great depression leads to greater legalization of gambling. 2. Massachusetts decriminalized bingo in 1931 to help churches and charitable organizations raise much needed revenue. 3. Organized Crime syndicates become heavy supporters of many casinos in Nevada. 4. During the 1950s, the Senate Committee investigates Organized Crime’s influence in the casino industry. 5. Lotteries were once again sponsored by the government. From 1894 to 1964, there were no government-sponsored lotteries operating in the United States. 6. In 1964, New Hampshire is the first state to sponsor a lottery, followed by New York in 1967. 7. Congress fails to pass a national lottery measure despite numerous attempts. Fourth Wave: The Present and Beyond 1. In 1995, the first online gambling casino starts operation by offering 18 games. 2. An estimated 30 million people visited internet gambling sites in July of 2005 alone. 3. It is estimated the industry has grown from $1 billion in profits in 1997 to $10. 9 billion in 2006. 4. Almost anyone is able to gamble on any Wi-Fi abled device, since the industry is difficult to regulate. 5. The rise in internet gambling brings an increase in youths gambling, gambling problems, and criminal activity such as credit card fraud (McCown, 2007). Comparison of Criteria for Substance Dependence with Gambling 1. Tolerance-The two main words used to describe both this substance dependent and gambling criterion is, increasing amounts. 2. Withdrawal-When reducing, or stopping gambling activities the client becomes restless and irritated. The same can be said about substance dependence since those same characteristics are involved, with an added twist for substance dependent clients. 3. Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. This can also be construed as the tolerance criterion for gambling where the gambler uses increasing amounts to achieve excitement. 4. Having a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use. This behavior parallels the loss of control criterion in gambling where the gambler despite repeated attempts to cut down, stop, or control the gambling is unsuccessful. 5. Spending a great deal of time in activities necessary to get the substance. This criterion seems to be consistent with the gambler who has a preoccupation with gambling. 6. Giving up or reducing important social, occupational, or recreational activities due to substance use. This seems to almost mirror the gambler’s risked significant relationship criterion. 7. Continuing to use the substance despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or is exacerbated by the substance. I am unable to find a gambling criterion to match this exact behavior, but in gambling lying, chasing, and illegal acts seem to almost rival the substance dependent characteristic stated. Bibliography Ciarrocchi, J. W. (2001). Counseling Problem Gamblers. San Diego, California: Academic Press. McCown, W. G. (2007). Treating Gambling Problems. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Dunstan, R. (1997). Gambling in California. CA: California Research Bureau, California State Library. http://www. library. ca. gov/crb/97/03/chapt2. html

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The five senses include sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. Sight is the power of seeing objects and people. To see we use our eyes, our eye is a sphere with a diameter of about 2.5 cm or 1 inch. Our eyes include the eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles. The eyelids are thin, skin covered folds supported by the connective tissue sheets called tarsal plates and are separated by the palpebral fissure and meet at medial and lateral angles of the eye. The eyelid muscle cause blinking every 3-7 seconds and when the objects get in your eye, the flexibility is activated to protect the eye. The eyelashes also protect the eye. Anything that touches the eyelashes is blown away because it will cause your eye to blink. The conjunctiva in our eyes is a mucous membrane; it helps to line the eyelids. The function of the conjunctiva is to produce a lubricating mucus that prevents the eyes from drying out. A conjunctival sac is where contact lens lies and occurs when the eyes are closed and a slit like space occurs. An inflammation of the conjunctiva is called conjunctivitis and happens when the eye get red and really irritated. The lacrimal apparatus in our eyes drains the lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity. The lacrimal fluid in the eye cleans and protects eye as it moistens. The fluid contains mucous, antibodies, and lysosome. The extrinsic eye muscles originate and insert into outer surface of the eyeball. The extrinsic eye muscles allow the eye to follow a moving object and provide wires to maintain shape of eyeball and hold it in orbit. When movements of these muscles are not the same, a person cannot focus on images correctly and see two images instead. The eye is called an eyeball and ha... ...cines. They may also help you cope with it by teaching you how to cooperate with noise around you. When doctors check your ears that may find OME, it’s thin and watery. If fluid is still present after six weeks the treatment may include having more observations and having to take tests. For us to tell what foods and scents delight us, we use our sense of smell. Your sense of smell helps us to determine what we like to have to eat and wear on different types of occasions. Your sense of smell can also be used for other things like smelling nature around you and smelling the different kind of foods there are around the world. Smell has a chemoreceptor that respond to chemicals in an aqueous solution. Smell receptors are excited by the airborne chemicals that dissolve in fluids coating nasal membranes. The organ of smell is a yellow patch of pseudostratified epithelium.

Judaism: Its identity and position to society

Judaism is more than a religion. It is the way of life of the Jewish people. Culture, customs, ethics, and sense of self – these are a part of Judaism as much as the faith and the rituals of the Jewish religion. A Jew can be defined in more than one way. Within Jewish law, being Jewish is a kind of citizenship. One is a Jew if one is born of a Jewish mother or has undergone a conversion. Conversion to Judaism is like a bestowal of citizenship – it makes one a member of the people. A person who fits the legal definition of a Jew is recognized as a fellow Jew by the Jewish community. Even if a Jew does not share the religious beliefs of Jews and does not participate in the customs and practices of Judaism, one is still considered a Jew if he or she fits the legal definition. One could define a Jew religiously to the religious beliefs and practices of Judaism. A Jew is one believes in the One God, Creator and master of the Universe, the God with whom the people Israel have a special relationship. Many Jews believe God chose them to be his people. They follow the laws that God revealed to Moses. The Ten Commandments are the most important of these laws. In ancient times the Jews were the only people who worship a single, exclusive God, and the only people who worshiped without physical images of God. The Jews were resented by other people for not participating in the worship of all gods. This led to the accusation that Jews were antihumanitarian, since sharing gods was considered to be an act of friendship and universalistic concern for other people. When Christianity replaced the pagan religions of antiquity, the old misunderstanding of Jews did not die out. Added to it was the resentment that the Jews, Jesus’ own people, has not become Christians. Jews were protected under Christian law but were restricted in many ways. The laws in Christian lands called for Jews to be humiliated and despised in order to encourage Jewish conversions to Christianity. When Jews did not convert they were accused of stubbornness or spiritual blindness (Wylen). Judaism teaches that God is the God of all humankind and that He wants all people to serve Him by living their lives the way He wants. The guidelines for this lifestyle are set down in the Noachide Laws, the basic framework for a moral and spiritual life. They believe that every person is completely free to choose whether to do good or evil for God is completely free to do as He wishes, so are humans. Jews regard any religion which upholds the Noachide Laws as an acceptable way for non-Jews to serve God. This does not mean that they agree with everything that other religions teach, but that they can recognize some religions as pointing out a path to God. For this reason, Jews do not see the need to convert other people to their religion. In particular, Jews recognize that Islam teaches pure monotheism and that Muslims have a strict morality that upholds the principles of the Noachide Laws. The same may be said of the Sikh religion. Jews have always been less certain about Christianity. Although they acknowledge Christianity’s high moral principles, they feel uneasy about the Christian belief that Jesus is God. They are also unhappy about the use of images and icons in Catholic and Orthodox worship. They feel that this comes rather close to idolatry. Nonetheless, Jews have always recognized a special relationship with Christianity and Islam. Rabbi Judah Halevi, a twelfth-century scholar, described Judaism as the seed of the tree and Christianity and Islam as the branches, since through these religions, millions of people have come to worship the one God (Forta). At the turn of the twentieth century, a movement of interfaith dialogue between Jews and non-Jews served as a medium that facilitated the changes upon conflicts in religion. Although there had been some obstacle along the process, the interfaith dialogue helped to develop a better relationship between Jews and non-Jews in America. As a result it came into advancement of the well-being of the Jewish community in America. This interfaith dialogue took place in America in 1893 when the World Parliament of Religions (WPR) convened in Chicago bringing together Protestants, Catholics, Greek Orthodox Christians, Jews, Buddhists, Hindus, Bahai, Muslims, Native Americans and representatives of other faiths as well. It offered Jewish religious leaders such as Alexander Kohut, Isaac M. Wise, Kaufmann Kohler, Emil G. Hirsch, and Marcus Jastrow, an opportunity to present their views to a non-Jewish audience and make a case for Judaism (Kaplan). The majority of Jews, especially in North America, resided in religiously pluralistic communities where people of diverse backgrounds and faiths, including many who had themselves experienced religious persecution, live side by side. Perhaps for this reason, they felt more comfortable interacting with Christians than Jews did in most parts of the world – so much so that we know of Jews and Christians who joined forces in business, witnessed each other’s documents, and socialized in each other’s homes (Bernardini and Fiering). Over the century new discoveries, new methods of manufacture, new social conditions have changed people’s way of living and thinking about the world. For Jews, this has always created the need to reapply the halakhah (Jewish religious law) to ever-changing conditions for living by halakhah is essential for Jews to fulfill their part of their covenant relationship with God. During this century advances in technology have led Jews to raise questions which could not have been thought of in earlier times – questions about the use of automated electrical machinery on Sabbaths, whether computer hacking is theft, whether surrogate mother is permissible, whether a person on a life-support machine is alive or dead. To enable rabbis to answer this questions, up-to-date commentaries have been added to the Shulchan Aruch (written catalogue of halakhah), and whole books concerned with specific topics of halakhah are now being published. The continued reapplication of halakhah is an ongoing process (Forta). Works Cited Bernardini, Paolo, and Norman Fiering. The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450 to 1800. Berghahn Books, 2001. Forta, Arye. Judaism. Heinemann, 1995. Kaplan, Dana Evan. The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism. Cambridge University Press, 2005. Wylen, Stephen M. Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism. Paulist Press, 2000. 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An Industry Analysis Of Firms Forming Part Of Our Subsamples

Table 1A provides an industry analysis of firms forming part of our subsamples. While the analysis reveals that a quarter of our sample is made of mining companies, this doesn’t mislead the interpretation of our results because the actual weights of all industries in our sample are consistent with what we observe in the index ASX 200. In general we observe that the key variables of the assembled data are skewed. According to Merhebi et al. (2006) the skewness of data variables is also found in distribution of data from USA, UK and Canada. Therefore logarithmic models are more appropriate to alleviate skewness in companies data variables or the effect of extreme values and to avoid any heteroscedasticity problem that might end contaminating our regressed models. To detect any multicollinearity problem in our independent variables, we need to establish correlation matrix table, thus avoiding the use of highly correlated independent variables in the same model. We have used a co rrelation matrix to verify the existence or non-existence of linear relationship among independent variables or between explanatory variables and independent variables. CEO remuneration and firm size do exhibit a somewhat moderate link. However there is little evidence of multicollinearity among the explanatory variables since the correlation among them is not strong hence all the variables can be incorporated into the subsequent regression analysis as stated in different hypothesis. To investigate theShow MoreRelatedEconometrics of Event Studies14937 Words   |  60 Pagesmethods have improved, serious limitations remain. A challenge is to continue to refine long-horizon methods. We present new evidence illustrating that properties of event study methods can vary by calendar time period and can depend on event sample firm characteristics such as volatility. This reinforces the importance of using stratified samples to examine event study statistical properties. 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Background 2. The Event Study Literature 2.1 The stock andRead MoreFinancial Statements Fraud56771 Words   |  228 PagesDetecting financial statement fraud: Three essays on fraud predictors, multi-classifier combination and fraud detection using data mining Johan L. Perols University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Perols, Johan L., Detecting financial statement fraud: Three essays on fraud predictors, multi-classifier combination and fraud detection using data mining (2008). Graduate School Theses andRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesstorage or retrieval system, must be arranged with the individual copyright holders noted. This special edition published in cooperation with Pearson Custom Publishing. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Please visit our web site at www.pearsoncustom.com ISBN 0–536–72690–6 BA 996748 PEARSON CUSTOM PUBLISHING 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 A Pearson Education Company iii iv Table of Contents SECTION ONE .................................Read MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pageshabits—habits that can boost anyone’s creative capacity.† author, e 7 Habits of Highly E ective People and e Leader in Me â€Å"Having worked with Clayton Christensen on innovation for over a decade, I can see that e Innovator’s DNA continues to stretch our thinking with insights that challenge convention and enable progress in the important cause of innovation . . . so critical to competitiveness and growth.† retired Chairman of the Board and CEO, e Procter Gamble Company Also by Clayton M. Christensen: Read MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pages96 Austria report 98 German textiles 101 Book reviews 103 NAIHF 104 Debate Corner 106 Journal of the International Hemp Association, Volume 2, Number 2, 1995 58 DEAR MEMBERSHIP First, we owe our readers and authors an apology for all of the typographic errors and other mistakes apparent in our last issue. Because of editorial staff changes and scheduling pressures, proof-reading of that issue after its preliminary page set-up was sorely inadequate. We hope you will agree that this issue hasRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck